§ GLOSSARY
The terminology.
1218 terms across 12 categories. The canonical translation table DCC uses for every brief — the long-term moat of this publication.
1218 terms
Data Types .
数据类型
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 数据 | data |
| 原始数据 | raw data / primary data NDA Common Data Terms Batch 1 (2024) uses "primary data" |
| 衍生数据 | derived data |
| 网络数据 | network data introduced as a defined term by the Network Data Security Regulation |
| 训练数据 | training data GenAI Measures Art 7 |
| 数据资源 | data resources Gov Data Sharing Regulations usage |
| 数据产品和服务 | data products and services NDA Common Data Terms Batch 1 § 5 |
| 元数据 | metadata |
| 结构化数据 | structured data |
| 半结构化数据 | semi-structured data |
| 非结构化数据 | unstructured data |
| 个人信息 | personal information |
| 敏感个人信息 | sensitive personal information |
| 儿童个人信息 | personal information of children |
| 未成年人个人信息 | personal information of minors |
| 生物识别信息 | biometric information |
| 生物特征信息 | biometric feature information 15th FYP Informatization Plan X(2) wording; PIPL's sensitive category is 生物识别信息 (biometric information) |
| 人脸信息 | facial information SPC FRT Interpretation core term |
| 图像采集设备 | image collection equipment PIPL Art 26 — the public-place installation trigger |
| 个人身份识别设备 | personal identity recognition equipment PIPL Art 26, paired with 图像采集设备 |
| 公共场所 | public place PIPL Art 26 scope; includes privately-owned premises open to customers |
| 重要数据 | important data |
| 核心数据 | core data |
| 国家核心数据 | national core data |
| 一般数据 | general data |
| 公共数据 | public data |
| 政务数据 | government data |
| 企业数据 | enterprise data |
| 数据资产 | data assets |
| 数据要素 | data elements |
| 重要数据目录 | catalogue of important data |
Data Processing & Compliance Management .
数据处理与合规管理
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 处理 | processing |
| 数据处理 | data processing / data handling NDA Batch 1 uses "data handling" (collect / store / use / process / transmit / provide / publish) |
| 数据处理活动 | data processing activities |
| 数据处理者 | data processor / data handler DSL term (generic) — "data handler" in CAC and NDA translations |
| 网络数据处理者 | network data handler Network Data Security Regulation term |
| 个人信息处理者 | personal information handler PIPL Article 73 — DO NOT render as "data controller" |
| 个人 | the individual / the individual concerned PIPL's preferred rights-holder term, not "personal information subject" |
| 受托处理者 | entrusted processor |
| 受托数据处理者 | commissioned data handler / trustee data processor NDA Batch 1 § 10 uses "commissioned data handler" |
| 数据治理 | data governance |
| 数据流通 | data circulation / data flow NDA Batch 1 § 11 uses "data circulation"; "data flow" common in cross-border context (not GDPR-style "data flow") |
| 委托处理 | entrusted processing |
| 共同处理 | joint processing |
| 公开披露 | public disclosure |
| 转让 | transfer |
| 共享 | sharing |
| 个人信息主体 | personal information subject Pre-PIPL standard term; PIPL itself uses "个人" (individual) |
| 数据主体 | data subject GDPR vocabulary; preserve if the source author chose it, do not back-fit onto PIPL |
| 单独同意 | separate consent |
| 明示同意 | explicit consent |
| 一揽子同意 | bundled consent SPC FRT Interpretation Art 4 — invalid consent pattern |
| 告知 | notice |
| 知情同意 | informed consent |
| 处理目的 | processing purpose |
| 接收者 | recipient |
| 向其他个人信息处理者提供个人信息 | providing personal information to another personal information handler PIPL Art 23 — contrast 委托处理 (entrusted processing), Art 21 |
| 合法性基础 | legal basis practitioners' term for the PIPL Art 13 grounds; don't import GDPR Art 6 content |
| 履行合同所必需 | necessary for performing a contract PIPL Art 13(1)(2) — no consent (or separate consent) needed |
| 法定义务 | statutory obligation PIPL Art 13(1)(3) ground |
| 概括授权 | blanket authorization |
| 个人信息授权书 | Personal Information Authorization Letter bank-form title the Beijing Financial Court case (2024)京74民终1694号 turned on |
| 个人信息处理告知书 | Personal Information Processing Notice |
| 告知同意书 | Notice and Consent Form |
| 监护人同意 | guardian consent PIPL Art 31 — under-14s |
| 弹窗 | pop-up |
| 开屏 | splash screen app launch screen — where bundled consent checkboxes tend to sit |
| 实名核验 | real-name verification Deep Synthesis / GenAI / Algo Rec triple requirement |
| 真实身份信息 | real identity information |
| 个人信息保护影响评估 | Personal Information Protection Impact Assessment (PIPIA) PIPL Arts 55–56 render verbally as "impact assessment on personal information protection" |
| 风险评估 | risk assessment |
| 数据安全风险评估 | data security risk assessment |
| 自评估 | self-assessment term used across CBDT pathways |
| 安全事件 | security incident |
| 个人信息安全事件 | personal information security incident |
| 网络安全事件 | cybersecurity incident |
| 数据安全事件 | data security incident |
| 应急预案 | emergency response plan |
| 应急响应 | emergency response |
| 自动化决策 | automated decision-making |
| 用户画像 | user profiling |
| 精准营销 | targeted marketing |
| 去标识化 | de-identification |
| 匿名化 | anonymization |
| 脱敏 | de-sensitization narrower than 去标识化/匿名化 — masking-style treatment used e.g. in the NEA energy-data classification guide's downgrade rule |
| 最小必要 | minimum necessary |
| 合法、正当、必要 | lawful, legitimate, and necessary |
| 数据安全 | data security |
| 数据分类分级 | data classification and grading also rendered "classified and hierarchical protection of data" in regulations |
| 分类分级保护 | classified and hierarchical protection |
| 合规审计 | compliance audit |
| 个人信息保护合规审计 | personal information protection compliance audit |
| 小型个人信息处理者 | small personal information handler <100,000 people; Order No. 25 Art 2 |
| 简化措施 | simplified measures |
| 个人信息处理规则 | personal information processing rules |
| 服务管理单位 | service-management unit parks / industrial bases / commercial properties, Order No. 25 Art 5 |
| 不予处罚 | no penalty imposed Order No. 25 Art 18 — mandatory, not discretionary |
| 从轻或者减轻处罚 | lighter or mitigated penalty Order No. 25 Art 19 |
| 初次违法 | first-time violation |
| 提示函 | reminder letter regulatory measure paired with 约谈 where no penalty is imposed |
| 抽查评估 | spot-check assessment |
| 自查表 | self-check table |
| 备查 | for future reference / on file |
| 个人信息保护负责人 | person in charge of personal information protection |
| 专门机构 | specialized agency third-party PI-audit body under the 2025 Audit Measures |
| 专门安全管理机构 | specialized security management body CIIO obligation under CII Regulations Art 14-15 |
| 履行个人信息保护职责的部门 | authorities performing duties of personal information protection |
| 保护机构 | protection authority informal shorthand used in the Audit Measures |
| 保护工作部门 | protection authority CII Regulations usage |
| 主管部门 | competent authority |
| 监督管理部门 | supervisory authority |
| 重要互联网平台服务 | important Internet platform services PIPL Art 58 — large-platform obligation trigger |
| 党政机关 | Party and government organs |
| 企事业单位 | enterprises and public institutions |
| 公共服务 | public services |
| 公益事业 | public welfare |
| 公开招标 | public bidding |
| 邀请招标 | invited bidding |
| 数据安全主体责任 | primary responsibility for data security |
| 实施方案 | implementation plan |
| 行政权力 | administrative power |
| 市场支配地位 | market dominant position |
| 排除、限制竞争 | exclude or restrict competition |
| 网络平台运营者 | network platform operator |
| 网络平台 | network platform |
| 社会责任报告 | social responsibility report |
| 网络产品和服务 | network products and services |
| 网络安全服务机构 | cybersecurity service agency |
| 安全保密协议 | security confidentiality agreement |
| 三道防线 | three lines of defense financial-sector governance term; NFRA cybersecurity draft (2026) drafting principle |
| 第一责任人 | first person responsible NFRA cybersecurity draft Art 7 — institution's principal officer |
| 审计底稿 | audit working papers GB/T 46903 — records supporting audit conclusions |
| 审计发现 | audit findings |
| 审计证据 | audit evidence |
| 审计报告 | audit report |
| 专业机构 | professional institution (compliance audit) Audit Measures / GB/T 46903 — external audit provider |
| 合规审计负责人 | compliance audit lead |
| 信息清除 | information sanitization GB 46864 — irreversible erasure, not deletion-marking |
| 数据覆写 | data overwrite |
| 块擦除 | block erase |
| 回收经营者 | recycling operator GB 46864 — second-hand device recycler |
| 声纹识别数据 | voiceprint recognition data GB/T 41807 |
| 研究参与者 | research participant 2023 Ethics Review Measures — broader than 受试者; covers anyone whose samples or data are used |
| 试验参与者 | trial participant Drug GCP 2026 replaces 受试者 |
| 受试者 | subject (trial subject) pre-2026 GCP usage; render as "trial participant" in 2026 texts |
| 主要研究者 | principal investigator |
| 申办者 | sponsor clinical-trial sponsor |
| 伦理审查委员会 | ethics review committee |
| 科技伦理（审查）委员会 | science and technology ethics (review) committee 2023 Sci-Tech Ethics Review Measures keep the parenthesis |
| 科技伦理审查 | science and technology ethics review |
| 专家复核 | expert re-review second-tier review for listed high-risk activities |
| 跟踪审查 | follow-up review |
| 简易程序 | simplified procedure |
| 一般程序 | general procedure |
| 应急程序 | emergency procedure |
| 人工智能科技伦理审查 | AI science and technology ethics review |
| 人工智能科技伦理委员会 | AI science and technology ethics committee the "Committee" in the 2026 AI Ethics Review Measures |
| 人工智能科技伦理审查与服务中心 | AI Science and Technology Ethics Review and Service Center "Service Center" — AI Ethics Review Measures Art 11; can run first review and expert re-review |
| 复核清单 | Re-Review List activities requiring expert re-review — AI Ethics Review Measures attachment |
| 复核专家组 | expert re-review panel |
| 责任单位 | responsible unit the entity accountable for ethics review of its own AI activities |
| 国家科技伦理管理信息登记平台 | National Science and Technology Ethics Management Information Registration Platform |
| 人机融合系统 | human-machine fusion system |
| 科研诚信 | research integrity |
| 一体两翼 | “one body, two wings” practitioners' shorthand for the sci-tech/MIIT track plus the CAC sector rules |
| 转致 | cross-reference (to other laws) a provision that hands liability to other statutes |
| 知情同意书 | informed-consent form |
| 公正见证人 | impartial witness |
| 源记录 | source records |
| 稽查轨迹 | audit trail |
| 计算机化系统 | computerized system |
| 质量源于设计 | quality by design |
| 关键质量因素 | critical-to-quality factors |
| 服务供应商 | service provider (clinical trial) GCP 2026 generalizes the CRO concept |
| 国家秘密 | State secrets |
| 涉外数据 | foreign-related data Shenzhen health guide — data involving overseas persons, organizations, items or places |
Cross-Border Data Flow .
数据出境
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 数据出境 | cross-border data transfer PIPL itself uses the verbal "provide personal information outside the territory of the PRC" |
| 数据跨境流动 | cross-border data flows |
| 跨境提供个人信息 | cross-border provision of personal information |
| 跨境处理 | cross-border processing |
| 境外接收方 | overseas recipient |
| 数据出境安全评估 | Data Export Security Assessment PIPL renders verbally as "security evaluation organized by the CAC" — 评估 is rendered both as "assessment" and "evaluation" |
| 安全评估 | security assessment |
| 出境安全评估 | outbound security assessment |
| 评估申报 | assessment declaration / declaration for security assessment |
| 评估通过 | passing the security assessment |
| 评估结果通知书 | Assessment Result Notice CAC document conveying which PI data items cleared / were rejected for export |
| 违法出境 | unlawful cross-border transfer (of data) enforcement-notice phrasing, e.g. 违法出境个人信息 |
| 未落实评估要求 | failure to implement assessment requirements distinct from 未通过评估 (failure to pass) — transferred outside the cleared scope |
| 个人信息出境标准合同 | Standard Contract for Cross-Border Transfer of Personal Information |
| 个人信息出境标准合同备案 | Personal Information Standard Contract Filing |
| 标准合同 | Standard Contract |
| 个人信息保护认证 | Personal Information Protection Certification |
| 认证 | certification CAC Cross-border Provisions sometimes render 认证 as "authentication" — both are in circulation |
| 认证机构 | certification body new under the 2026 PI Outbound Certification Measures |
| 认证证书 | certification certificate |
| 认证标志 | certification mark |
| 备案 | filing |
| 负面清单 | negative list |
| 白名单 | whitelist |
| 数据本地化 | data localization |
| 本地存储 | local storage |
| 出海 | overseas expansion |
| 自由贸易试验区 | pilot free trade zone (FTZ) introduced by the 2024 Cross-border Provisions Art 6 negative-list mechanism |
| 自贸区 | pilot free trade zone (FTZ) |
| 属地管辖 | territorial jurisdiction the test under GenAI Measures Art 2: are the service recipients in China? |
| 免予申报 | exempt from declaration CBDT Provisions Arts 4-6 — removes the FILING, never the underlying duty |
| 穿透认定 | look-through determination characterizing a nominally export-only service as domestic provision |
| 地域隔离 | geographic isolation blocking domestic access — a precondition of the export-only filing exemption |
| 出海版本 | overseas version |
| 数据出境管理清单 | data export management list formal title of FTZ negative lists |
| 安全互认方式 | security mutual-recognition route GBA (Mainland, Hong Kong) certification/recognition lane |
| 跨境个人信息 | cross-boundary personal information GBA usage — "cross-boundary", not "cross-border" |
| 数据跨境服务中心 | cross-border data service center one-stop policy interpretation, compliance guidance, declaration assistance — 15th FYP Informatization Plan Box 8 |
| 网络数据安全合规实验平台 | network data security compliance testing platform |
| 数据出境负面清单 | data export negative list |
| 两用物项 | dual-use items |
| 出口管制清单 | export control list |
| 技术出口 | technology export |
| 独立董事 | independent director |
| 专项问询 | targeted inquiry regulator questions on a listing application |
| 揭榜挂帅 | open-competition (“unveil the list, appoint the leader”) mechanism |
| 先导计划 | pilot program MIIT 人工智能科技伦理审查与服务先导计划, 工信厅科函〔2026〕199号 |
| 延长评估结果有效期 | extension of the validity period of the assessment result CBDF Provisions Art 9 — 3 years, apply within 60 working days before expiry |
| 累计向境外提供 | cumulative provision abroad counted from January 1 of the current year |
Data Property Rights & Trading .
数据产权与交易
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 数据产权 | Data Property Rights |
| 数据产权登记 | Data Property Rights Registration |
| 数据持有权 | Right to Hold Data |
| 数据使用权 | Right to Use Data |
| 数据经营权 | Right to Operate Data |
| 数据交易 | data trading |
| 交易主体 | trading subjects |
| 交易标的 | subject matter of transaction |
| 数据交易机构 | data trading institution |
| 场内数据交易 | on-exchange data trading |
| 数据场内交易 | on-exchange data trading NDA Batch 2 § 9 — synonym for 场内数据交易 |
| 场外数据交易 | off-exchange data trading |
| 数据场外交易 | off-exchange data trading NDA Batch 2 § 10 — synonym for 场外数据交易 |
| 数据撮合 | data matching |
| 数据交易撮合 | data trading matching NDA Batch 2 § 11 |
| 第三方专业服务机构 | third-party professional service institutions |
| 数据第三方专业服务机构 | data third-party professional service institution NDA Batch 2 § 12 |
| 第三方法律服务机构 | third-party legal service institutions |
| 数据要素市场化配置 | market-oriented allocation of data elements NDA Batch 1 § 7 |
| 公共数据资源 | public data resources |
| 授权运营 | authorized operation |
| 实施机构 | implementing institution |
| 运营机构 | operating institution |
| 登记机构 | registration institution |
| 登记主体 | registrant |
| 登记申请人 | registration applicant |
| 登记凭证 | registration certificate |
| 赋码 | code issuance |
| 数据基础制度 | fundamental data system |
| 一体化数据市场 | integrated data market |
| 数据要素市场 | data factor market |
| 数据流通服务机构 | data circulation service institution |
| 隐私计算 | privacy computing |
| 政务数据共享 | government data sharing |
| 数据描述 | data description |
| 数据来源 | data source |
| 数据存证 | data evidence preservation |
| 数据指纹 | data fingerprint |
| 数据水印 | data watermark |
| 数据入表 | data balance-sheet entry |
| 数据资产化 | data assetization |
| 数据资产资本化 | data asset capitalization |
| 异议 | objection |
| 异议处理 | objection handling |
| 初次登记 | initial registration |
| 转让登记 | transfer registration |
| 变更登记 | change registration |
| 续期登记 | renewal registration |
| 注销登记 | deregistration |
| 续期 | renewal |
| 注销 | deregistration |
| 权利限制 | rights limitation |
| 多源数据 | multi-source data |
| 衍生创造 | derivative creation |
| 自动化程序 | automated procedures |
| 公共气象数据 | public meteorological data |
| 开发机构 | development institution CMA meteorological AO measures Art. 3 — third tier below 实施机构/运营机构 |
| 气象数据身份标识 | meteorological-data identity tag AI Meteorological Services Measures Art. 8; trading gate in CMA AO measures Art. 22 |
| 气象数据流通监管平台 | meteorological data circulation supervision platform |
| 数源单位 | data-source unit consent required before non-department data enters an AO catalogue |
| 三重一大 | “three majors and one large” decision-making mechanism |
| 政府指导价 | government-guided pricing |
| 运营服务费 | operation service fee |
| 公益优先 | public-interest priority AO principle shared by the national Specifications and the CMA measures |
| 谁投入、谁贡献、谁受益 | who invests, who contributes, who benefits Data 20 Articles returns-distribution principle |
| 数据资产确认 | data asset confirmation GB/T 47950 § 3.2 |
| 数据资产信息卡 | data asset card GB/T 47950 § 3.3 |
| 数据资产登记 | data asset registration GB/T 47950 § 3.4 |
| 数据资产台账 | data asset register GB/T 47950 § 3.5 — a ledger, NOT a "registry" |
| 数据资产备查簿 | data asset subsidiary record GB/T 47950 § 3.6 — for assets not yet confirmable |
| 资产台账 | asset register |
| 备查簿 | subsidiary record |
| 初始登记 | initial registration GB/T 47950 § 7.2 (cf. 初次登记 in the NDA guide) |
| 无形资产 | intangible assets |
| 资产原值 | original value of the asset |
| 摊销 | amortization |
| 累计摊销 | accumulated amortization |
| 残值率 | residual value rate |
| 净值 | net value |
| 会计账簿 | accounting books |
| 记账凭证 | accounting voucher |
| 原始凭证 | original voucher |
| 会计科目 | accounting subject |
| 清查 | inventory-taking |
| 权属信息 | ownership information |
| 流通类型 | circulation type |
| 共享类型 | sharing type |
| 开放类型 | openness type |
| 处置 | disposal |
| 线分类法 | line classification method |
| 门类 | division |
| 大类 | major class |
| 中类 | medium class |
| 小类 | minor class |
| 细类 | sub-class |
| 收容项 | catch-all item |
| 计量单位 | unit of measure |
| 标记语言数据 | markup-language data |
| 标记分隔数据 | delimiter-separated data |
| 日志文件数据 | log-file data |
| 复合文档数据 | compound-document data |
| 空间关系数据 | spatial-relationship data |
| 人工智能训练多模态数据 | AI-training multimodal data GB/T 47949 code A0806020307 |
| 词元 | token |
| 商业秘密 | trade secret |
| 技术秘密 | technical secret |
| 经营秘密 | business secret |
| 三性 | the three elements of a trade secret — the AUCL definition requires all three |
| 非公知性 | not generally known |
| 秘密性 | secrecy |
| 保密性 | confidentiality |
| 价值性 | commercial value |
| 保密措施 | confidentiality measures |
| 相应保密措施 | corresponding confidentiality measures AUCL standard — reasonable, not airtight |
| 保密协议 | confidentiality agreement |
| 秘点 | secret point the specific delimited content claimed as secret |
| 载体 | carrier the medium holding a trade secret, distinct from its content |
| 不侵权承诺书 | undertaking of non-infringement |
| 技术贡献率 | technical contribution rate the share of infringer profit attributable to the secret |
| 开发主体 | development entity Shanghai/Zhengzhou public-data measures — re-develops operator outputs |
| 经营主体 | business entity Jilin/Changchun/Yanbian usage for the same role |
| 整体授权 | whole authorization |
| 分领域授权 | authorization by field |
| 依场景授权 | authorization by scenario |
| 一场景一授权 | one scenario, one authorization Hebei |
| 授权运营协议 | authorized-operation agreement |
| 授权运营实施方案 | authorized-operation implementation plan |
| 公共数据资源目录 | public data resource catalogue |
| 公共数据产品和服务 | public data products and services |
| 公共数据资源授权运营域 | public data resource authorized-operation domain Shanghai/Changchun infrastructure term |
| 原始数据不出域 | raw data does not leave the domain |
| 数据可用不可见 | data usable but not visible |
| 数据可控可计量 | data controllable and measurable |
| 收益分配机制 | revenue-distribution mechanism |
| 成本归集 | cost pooling MOF 2026 pilot on public-data governance costs |
| 信息披露 | information disclosure |
| 尽职免责 | due-diligence exemption from liability |
| 三个区分开来 | the three distinctions Party principle separating good-faith error from misconduct |
| 数据来源者 | data source subject Shanghai Art 22 — the person whose data it is |
| 数据登记 | data registration |
| 国有文物资源数据 | state-owned cultural relics resource data |
| 数据资源池 | data resource pool |
| 信息化 | informatization |
| 网络强国 | cyber power 网络强国战略 = strategy of building a cyber power |
| 网信 | cyber and IT adjective form of 网络安全和信息化 — 网信产业 / 网信企业 / 网信科技 |
| 网络空间命运共同体 | community with a shared future in cyberspace |
| 数字化、网络化、智能化 | digitalization, networking, and intelligentization |
| 双化协同 | coordinated digital and green transformation 数字化绿色化协同 |
| 智能互联网 | intelligent internet |
| 国家区块链网络 | National Blockchain Network |
| 价值互联网 | internet of value |
| 人工智能+ | AI Plus the State Council AI Plus initiative; 人工智能+制造 = AI Plus Manufacturing |
| 智能社会 | intelligent society |
| 人工智能社会实验 | AI social experiments |
| 人工智能社会影响评估 | AI social impact assessment |
| 预期性 | anticipatory FYP indicator attribute; contrast 约束性 (binding) |
| 约束性 | binding |
| 专栏 | box plan text box listing projects or actions |
| 数字素养与技能 | digital literacy and skills |
| 具身智能 | embodied intelligence |
| 脑机接口 | brain-computer interface |
| 低空经济 | low-altitude economy |
| 耐心资本 | patient capital |
| 概念验证 | proof of concept |
| 中试验证 | pilot-scale verification |
| 跨省通办 | inter-provincial handling government services handled across provinces |
| 高效办成一件事 | efficiently getting one thing done State Council government-services reform brand |
| 指尖上的形式主义 | formalism at the fingertips app-and-chat-group busywork imposed on grassroots officials |
| 公号君 | the account's author WeChat-account self-reference; render as "we"/"the author", not literally |
| 数字人民币 | e-CNY (digital renminbi) |
| 世界数据组织 | World Data Organization |
| 世界人工智能合作组织 | World AI Cooperation Organization |
| 海外业务合规指导中心 | overseas business compliance guidance center 15th FYP Informatization Plan Box 7 |
Key Laws & Regulations .
法律法规
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 网络安全法 | Cybersecurity Law (CSL) |
| 数据安全法 | Data Security Law (DSL) |
| 个人信息保护法 | Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) |
| 个保法 | Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) |
| 民法典 | Civil Code |
| 反电信网络诈骗法 | Anti-Telecom and Online Fraud Law |
| 国家安全法 | National Security Law |
| 外商投资法 | Foreign Investment Law |
| 反垄断法 | Anti-Monopoly Law |
| 密码法 | Cryptography Law |
| 生物安全法 | Biosecurity Law |
| 种子法 | Seed Law |
| 粮食安全保障法 | Food Security Guarantee Law |
| 海南自由贸易港法 | Hainan Free Trade Port Law |
| 未成年人保护法 | Law on the Protection of Minors 2020 revision added the Network Protection chapter |
| 未成年人学校保护规定 | Provisions on the Protection of Minors by Schools MOE Order No. 50 |
| 网络数据安全管理条例 | Regulation on Network Data Security Management State Council Decree No. 790 — official rendering uses singular "Regulation" |
| 关键信息基础设施安全保护条例 | Security Protection Regulations for Critical Information Infrastructure State Council Decree No. 745 |
| 未成年人网络保护条例 | Regulations on the Protection of Minors in Cyberspace State Council Decree No. 766 |
| 政务数据共享条例 | Regulations on the Sharing of Government Data State Council Decree No. 809 |
| 国务院关于保障未成年人健康安全使用网络的规定 | State Council Provisions on Ensuring Minors' Healthy and Safe Use of the Internet CAC draft for public consultation, 2026-09-18 — not in force |
| 数据出境安全评估办法 | Measures for the Security Assessment of Data Export CAC Decree No. 11 |
| 促进和规范数据跨境流动规定 | Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Flows CAC Decree No. 16 — note "Cross-border" (lowercase b) in official translation |
| 个人信息出境标准合同办法 | Measures on the Standard Contract for the Outbound Transfer of Personal Information CAC Decree No. 13, effective 2023-06-01 |
| 个人信息出境标准合同备案指南 | Guide to the Filing of the Standard Contract for Outbound Transfer of Personal Information CAC procedural guide accompanying SCC Measures |
| 个人信息出境认证办法 | Measures for the Certification of the Cross-border Provision of Personal Information CAC + SAMR Order No. 20, effective 2026-01-01 |
| 个人信息保护认证实施规则 | Implementation Rules for Personal Information Protection Certification |
| 个人信息保护合规审计管理办法 | Administrative Measures for Personal Information Protection Compliance Audits CAC Decree No. 18, effective 2025-05-01 |
| 个人信息安全规范 | Personal Information Security Specification |
| 网络安全审查办法 | Cybersecurity Review Measures CAC + 12-agency Decree No. 8 |
| 网络数据安全风险评估办法 | Measures for Network Data Security Risk Assessment CAC + MIIT + MPS Order No. 24, effective 2026-08-20 |
| 外商投资安全审查办法 | Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investments NDRC + MOFCOM Decree No. 37 |
| 互联网信息服务算法推荐管理规定 | Provisions on the Administration of Algorithmic Recommendation Services for Internet Information Services CAC + 3 Decree No. 9 |
| 互联网信息服务管理办法 | Administrative Measures for Internet Information Services State Council, foundational ICP regulation (2000, revised 2011, 2024) |
| 人工智能拟人化互动服务管理暂行办法 | Interim Measures for the Management of AI Anthropomorphic Interaction Services CAC + 4-agency Order No. 21, effective 2026-07-15 |
| 科技伦理审查办法（试行） | Measures for the Ethical Review of Science and Technology (Trial) MOST + 9, 国科发监〔2023〕167号, effective 2023-12-01 |
| 人工智能科技伦理审查与服务办法（试行） | Measures for the Ethics Review of and Services for Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology (Trial) MIIT + 9, 工信部联科〔2026〕75号, dated 2026-03-20, published 2026-04-02 |
| 科学技术进步法 | Law on Progress of Science and Technology |
| 上市公司独立董事管理办法 | Administrative Measures for Independent Directors of Listed Companies CSRC |
| 生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法 | Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services CAC + 6 Decree No. 15 |
| 互联网信息服务深度合成管理规定 | Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis of Internet Information Services CAC + 2 Order No. 12 |
| 人工智能生成合成内容标识办法 | Measures for the Labeling of AI-Generated and Composed Content CAC + 3 Guo Xin Ban Tong Zi [2025] No. 2 |
| 银行业保险业网络安全管理办法 | Measures for the Administration of Cybersecurity in the Banking and Insurance Sectors NFRA draft for public consultation, July 2026 |
| 金融业网络安全管理办法 | Measures for the Administration of Cybersecurity in the Financial Sector draft for public consultation, July 2026 — companion instrument to the NFRA banking/insurance draft |
| 智能体规范应用与创新发展实施意见 | Implementation Opinions on the Standardized Application and Innovative Development of AI Agents CAC + NDRC + MIIT, 2026-05-08 |
| 北京市关于加快智能体引领发展的若干措施 | Several Measures of Beijing Municipality on Accelerating Agent-Led Development 京发改〔2026〕1185号, four municipal bodies, issued 2026-07-21 |
| 国家信息化“十五五”规划 | 15th Five-Year Plan for National Informatization Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, published 2026-10-23; successor to the 14th FYP plan (2021) |
| 国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划纲要 | Outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development |
| 未成年人用户数量巨大和对未成年人群体具有显著影响的网络平台服务提供者认定办法 | Measures for Identifying Network Platform Service Providers with a Very Large Number of Minor Users and a Significant Impact on Minors 国信办发文〔2026〕2号, CAC + 7 departments, effective 2026-04-01; implements Minors Online Protection Regulations Art 20 |
| 最高人民法院关于审理使用人脸识别技术处理个人信息相关民事案件适用法律若干问题的规定 | Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Civil Cases Involving the Use of Facial Recognition Technology to Process Personal Information |
| 最高人民法院关于依法审理涉人工智能纠纷案件的意见 | Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Trying Cases Involving Artificial Intelligence Disputes in Accordance with Law 法发〔2026〕10号, issued 2026-09-07 — a 司法文件 (judicial policy document), not a 司法解释 |
| 产品质量法 | Product Quality Law |
| 道路交通安全法 | Road Traffic Safety Law |
| 消费者权益保护法 | Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests Art 55 = punitive (treble) damages for fraud |
| 著作权法 | Copyright Law |
| 民事诉讼法 | Civil Procedure Law Art 114 = sanctions for fabricating evidence |
| 专利法 | Patent Law |
| 司法文件 | judicial policy document 法发-numbered SPC documents; guide reasoning, not cited as the legal basis of a judgment |
| 法发 | Fa Fa (SPC judicial-document number series) contrast 法释 (judicial interpretations) |
| 反不正当竞争法 | Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL) |
| 出口管制法 | Export Control Law |
| 中华人民共和国出口管制法 | Export Control Law of the PRC |
| 中国禁止出口限制出口技术目录 | Catalogue of Technologies Prohibited or Restricted from Export in China |
| 管制物项 | controlled items Export Control Law — expressly includes SERVICES |
| 临时管制 | temporary control |
| 电信条例 | Telecommunications Regulations |
| 电信业务分类目录 | Catalogue of Telecommunications Services 2015 edition — B11 = IDC, B12 = Internet resource collaboration (cloud) |
| 外商投资准入特别管理措施（负面清单） | Special Administrative Measures for Foreign Investment Access (Negative List) |
| 外商投资电信企业管理规定 | Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises |
| 固定资产投资项目节能审查办法 | Measures for the Energy-Conservation Review of Fixed-Asset Investment Projects NDRC Order No. 2 of 2023 |
Regulators & Authorities .
监管机构
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 国家互联网信息办公室 | Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) |
| 国家网信办 | Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) |
| 网信办 | Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) |
| 中央网信办 | Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission |
| 中央网络安全和信息化委员会 | Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Party commission; its Office (中央网信办) is housed with the CAC |
| 网络安全审查办公室 | Cybersecurity Review Office |
| 国家数据局 | National Data Administration (NDA) |
| 国务院 | State Council |
| 工信部 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) |
| 公安部 | Ministry of Public Security (MPS) |
| 公安部网络安全保卫局 | Cyber Security Protection Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security |
| 公安部网安局 | MPS Cyber Security Bureau the bureau's own short form, used on its WeChat channel |
| 网安部门 | cyber-security police provincial/municipal 网安总队/支队 — the operational units named in MPS case releases |
| 国家网络身份认证公共服务平台 | National Network Identity Authentication Public Service Platform |
| 国家网络身份认证公共服务管理办法 | Measures for the Administration of National Network Identity Authentication Public Services MPS Order No. 173, effective 2025-07-15 |
| 网号 | network number letters-and-digits identity symbol carrying no plaintext identity information |
| 网证 | network credential credential carrying the 网号 plus non-plaintext identity information |
| 明文身份信息 | plaintext identity information what an integrating platform may NOT separately demand (Order 173 Art. 7) |
| 身份核验 | identity verification |
| 实名认证 | real-name verification |
| 可信数字身份 | trusted digital identity |
| 国家安全部 | Ministry of State Security (MSS) |
| 国家市场监督管理总局 | State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) |
| 国家发展和改革委员会 | National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) |
| 发改委 | National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) |
| 教育部 | Ministry of Education (MOE) |
| 科学技术部 | Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) |
| 工信部科技司 | MIIT Department of Science and Technology |
| 科技部 | Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) |
| 财政部 | Ministry of Finance (MOF) |
| 商务部 | Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) |
| 中国人民银行 | People's Bank of China (PBOC) |
| 国家金融监督管理总局 | National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) |
| 金融监管总局 | National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) |
| 国家广播电视总局 | State Administration of Radio and Television (NRTA) |
| 中国证券监督管理委员会 | China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) |
| 证监会 | China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) |
| 国家保密局 | State Secrecy Administration (SSA) |
| 国家新闻出版署 | National Press and Publication Administration (NPPA) |
| 文化和旅游部 | Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MCT) |
| 国家网信部门 | the national cyberspace administration generic statutory term for the CAC — house style |
| 省级网信部门 | provincial cyberspace administration |
| 国家密码管理局 | State Cryptography Administration (SCA) |
| 中国信通院 | China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (CAICT) |
| 中国网络空间研究院 | Chinese Academy of Cyberspace Studies CAC-affiliated research institute |
| 全国信息安全标准化技术委员会 | National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee (TC260) |
| 最高人民法院 | Supreme People's Court (SPC) |
| 最高人民检察院 | Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP) |
| 人民法院 | People's Court |
| 人民检察院 | People's Procuratorate |
Cybersecurity & Critical Information Infrastructure .
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 网络 | network |
| 网络运营者 | network operator |
| 关键信息基础设施 | critical information infrastructure (CII) |
| 关键信息基础设施运营者 | critical information infrastructure operator (CIIO) |
| 运营者 | operator CII Regulations shorthand |
| 关键信息基础设施认定 | identification of critical information infrastructure |
| 关键信息基础设施识别 | identification of critical information infrastructure |
| 网络安全等级保护制度 | Multi-Level Protection Scheme (MLPS) |
| 等级保护 | Multi-Level Protection Scheme (MLPS) |
| 网络安全审查 | cybersecurity review |
| 安全审查 | security review |
| 国家安全审查 | national security review |
| 数据安全审查 | data security review DSL Art 24 regime — landed via the 2021 Cybersecurity Review Measures revision; decisions final |
| 外商投资安全审查 | foreign investment security review |
| 网络数据安全风险评估 | network data security risk assessment |
| 总体国家安全观 | holistic approach to national security official rendering of Xi-era national-security doctrine |
| 事前审查 | ex-ante review |
| 海外上市 | overseas listing Cybersecurity Review Measures Art 7 — listing-trigger |
| 供应链安全 | supply chain security |
| 网络安全 | cybersecurity |
| 网络空间 | cyberspace |
| 主权 | sovereignty |
| 网络主权 | cyber sovereignty |
AI & Algorithms .
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 人工智能 | artificial intelligence (AI) |
| 生成式人工智能 | generative artificial intelligence |
| 生成式人工智能服务 | generative AI services |
| 生成式人工智能服务提供者 | generative AI service provider |
| 深度合成 | deep synthesis |
| 深度合成服务 | deep synthesis services |
| 深度合成服务提供者 | deep synthesis service provider |
| 深度合成技术 | deep synthesis technology |
| 算法 | algorithm |
| 算法服务 | algorithmic services |
| 算法推荐 | algorithmic recommendation |
| 算法推荐服务 | algorithmic recommendation services |
| 算法推荐服务提供者 | algorithmic recommendation service provider |
| 算法备案 | algorithm filing |
| 算法安全评估 | algorithm security assessment |
| 个性化推荐 | personalized recommendation |
| 不合理差别待遇 | unreasonable differential treatment Algo Rec Provisions Art 21 — anti-price-discrimination |
| 大数据杀熟 | algorithmic price discrimination against existing users informal but ubiquitous Chinese-public term |
| 人工智能生成合成内容 | AI-generated and composed content |
| 显式标识 | visible label / explicit label Labeling Measures — user-facing |
| 隐式标识 | implicit label metadata / watermark |
| 显著标识 | prominent label Deep Synthesis Provisions usage |
| 数字水印 | digital watermark |
| 内容元数据 | content metadata |
| 内容生态治理 | content ecosystem governance |
| 拟人化互动服务 | anthropomorphic interaction services AI Anthropomorphic Interaction Measures Art 2 — sustained emotional interaction simulating a natural person |
| 拟人化互动服务提供者 | anthropomorphic interaction service provider |
| 未成年人模式 | minors' mode mandatory under Anthropomorphic Interaction Measures Art 14 |
| 虚拟亲密关系 | virtual intimate relationships banned for minors — virtual family members / romantic partners |
| 情感依赖 | emotional dependence Anthropomorphic Interaction Measures Art 8 — 诱导情感依赖 = inducing emotional dependence |
| 人脸识别 | facial recognition |
| 人脸识别技术 | facial recognition technology |
| 人脸验证 | facial verification |
| 模型幻觉 | model hallucination Cheng Xiao (2026) — plausible-looking but false/nonsensical AI output |
| 内容标识义务 | generated-content labeling obligation GenAI Interim Measures Art 12 — result-based obligation |
| 内容准确性与可靠性义务 | content accuracy and reliability obligation GenAI Interim Measures Art 4(5) — method-based obligation |
| 生成合成内容 | generated and synthetic content the Labeling Measures' own short form of 人工智能生成合成内容 |
| 制作要素信息 | production-element information Labeling Measures Art 4 — what the implicit label must carry |
| 内容编号 | content number implicit-label element, alongside provider name/code and attribute info |
| 舆论属性 | public opinion attributes 2018 Security Assessment Provisions Art 2 — the scope trigger |
| 社会动员能力 | social mobilization capacity paired with 舆论属性; carried into GenAI Interim Measures Art 17 |
| 具有舆论属性或社会动员能力 | with public opinion attributes or social mobilization capacity |
| 安全评估报告 | security assessment report filed via the National Internet Security Management Service Platform |
| 全国互联网安全管理服务平台 | National Internet Security Management Service Platform |
| 新技术新应用 | new technologies and new applications the 2018 Provisions' recurring scope phrase |
| API中转站 | API relay station a site proxying third-party LLM APIs to the public — CAC Sept 2026 case 10 |
| 套壳应用 | wrapper application a product whose AI capability is entirely a third-party model call |
| 模型聚合平台 | model aggregation platform |
| 大模型登记 | large-model filing the registration route distinct from a security assessment |
| AI换脸 | AI face-swapping |
| AI拟声 | AI voice cloning |
| AI换脸拟声 | AI face-swapping and voice cloning the Opinions' own headline pairing, Art 4 |
| AI复活逝者 | “AI resurrection” of the deceased Art 4 — close relatives sue under Civil Code Art 994 |
| AI幻觉 | AI hallucination |
| 虚拟数字形象 | virtual digital likeness Art 4 — an AI-generated figure identifiable as a specific natural person |
| 合成人声 | synthetic voice |
| 声音权益 | voice rights and interests Civil Code Art 1023 extends likeness-right protection to the voice |
| 提示词 | prompt |
| 侵权提示词 | infringing prompt |
| 恶意诱导 | malicious inducement Art 7 — a user steering a model into infringing output |
| 算法歧视 | algorithmic discrimination |
| 人工智能开发者 | AI developer the Opinions' three-party liability vocabulary, with 提供者 / 使用者 |
| 人工智能提供者 | AI provider |
| 人工智能使用者 | AI user |
| 人工智能产品 | AI product Art 9 — limited to products with a physical carrier |
| 实物载体 | physical carrier |
| 通用大模型 | general-purpose large model |
| 专用大模型 | special-purpose large model |
| 闭源 | closed-source |
| 开源许可协议 | open-source license |
| 自动驾驶汽车 | autonomous vehicle |
| 辅助驾驶 | assisted driving |
| 事件记录 | event records Art 11 — 自动驾驶、辅助驾驶事件记录 courts may order produced |
| 数据控制方 | party controlling the data Art 11 wording — not GDPR “data controller” |
| 对抗样本攻击 | adversarial-sample attack |
| 恶意标注 | malicious annotation |
| 虚构干扰数据 | fabricated interfering data |
| 刷量刷单 | traffic inflation and order brushing |
| 仿冒名人带货 | celebrity-impersonation selling AI-faked celebrity endorsements in livestream commerce, Art 10 |
| 新质生产力 | new quality productive forces |
| 智能体 | AI agent / agent "AI agent" on first mention, then "agent" |
| 智能体引领发展 | agent-led development Beijing Agent Measures title term |
| 驾驭层 | harness layer Beijing Agent Measures Art 2 — the engineering layer that steers the model |
| 驾驭层工程 | harness-layer engineering |
| 上下文工程 | context engineering |
| 任务持久化 | task persistence |
| 长程任务 | long-horizon task |
| 超长程任务 | ultra-long-horizon task |
| 工具调用 | tool calling |
| 提示词注入 | prompt injection |
| 派生内容 | derived content summaries, vectors, memory entries produced from source data |
| 来源标识 | provenance label |
| 信任升级 | trust escalation untrusted data re-entering as a trusted instruction across agents |
| 控制指令 | control instructions contrast 业务数据 (business data) — kept on separate channels |
| 执行层 | enforcement layer |
| 重新分类 | reclassification of data after de-identification / anonymization / aggregation |
| 资产标注 | asset annotation compliance labels attached to data assets (Meta Policy Zones) |
| 数据标注 | data annotation TWO senses: AI training-data labeling (GB/T 45652), or compliance labels on data assets (privacy infrastructure) — check context |
| 策略分区 | Policy Zones Meta's purpose-limitation / information-flow control system |
| 智能体可观测性 | Agent Observability Meta's agent access-logging component |
| 智能体数据处理安全要求 | Security Requirements for Data Processing by AI Agents national standard (国标) in drafting, 2026; 网安寻路人 series shares its pre-research |
| AI代理 | AI agent common in commentary on US products; same referent as 智能体 |
| 个人AI代理 | personal AI agent |
| 静默代理 | silent agent agent acting through the user's credentials and browser session, without identifying itself |
| 法律责任转移 | liability transfer loss allocation when a customer shares credentials with an agent |
| 了解你的代理 | Know Your Agent (KYA) agent analog of KYC |
| 代理式电商 | agentic commerce |
| 部署商 | deployer the business that provides, builds, operates or monitors an agent (Walmart Agentic Access Terms) |
| 范围访问令牌 | scoped access token |
| 代理授权书 | agent mandate |
| 人工同意门控 | human consent gate |
| 附带阻止 | incidental blocking old anti-bot rules that catch user-authorized agents |
| 代理洪泛 | agentic flooding |
| 转换成本 | switching costs |
| 只读权限 | read-only access |
| 越权 | overreach of an agent acting beyond the user's authorization; "act beyond authority" in statutory text |
| 可验证授权 | verifiable delegation S.5051 (AI AGENT Act) technical-standard concept |
| 受托用户代理 | custodial user agent (CUA) S.5051 |
| 水平代理 | horizontal agent general-purpose outside agent (Jassy, Amazon Q3 2026 call) |
| 代理凭证 | agent credential |
| 用户定义护栏 | user-defined guardrails |
| 逐步确认 | step-up confirmation human confirmation added for high-risk agent operations |
| 批准集成模式 | approved integrations model platform access via official partnerships and controlled gateways |
| 独立外部代理 | independent agent agent that operates websites directly for the customer, outside any integration |
| 多智能体协作 | multi-agent collaboration |
| 多智能体协同 | multi-agent collaboration |
| 群体智能 | swarm intelligence |
| 世界模型 | world model |
| 长上下文 | long context |
| 在线学习 | online learning |
| 持续学习 | continual learning |
| 自主进化 | self-evolution |
| 长期记忆 | long-term memory |
| 智能体技能市场 | agent skill marketplace |
| 智能体软件商店 | agent software store |
| 前沿部署工程师 | forward-deployed engineer (FDE) Beijing Agent Measures — the 驻场共创 delivery model |
| 驻场共创 | on-site co-creation |
| 标杆场景 | benchmark scenario |
| 人工智能操作系统 | AI operating system |
| 科学智能助手 | AI-for-science assistant |
| 智能科学家 | “AI scientist” Beijing Agent Measures Art 3 coinage — keep quotes |
| 自主实验室 | autonomous laboratory |
| 原生人工智能软件 | AI-native software |
| 数据飞轮 | data flywheel |
| 词元工厂 | “Token factory” Beijing Agent Measures Art 8; commentary also writes Token工厂 |
| 词元经济 | Token (词元) economy Beijing Agent Measures Art 6 writes "Token（词元）经济" |
| Token即服务 | Token-as-a-Service |
| 智能体即服务 | Agent-as-a-Service |
| 结果即服务 | Results-as-a-Service |
| 单位有效任务成本 | cost per valid completed task Hong Yanqing (2026) — (model+tool, review, retry, expected-risk costs) ÷ tasks meeting quality and closing the loop |
| 有效任务 | valid task quality- and risk-corrected — excludes tasks "completed" via rework, over-broad access, or skipped approvals |
| 智能生产资料 | intelligent means of production Hong Yanqing (2026) — what Tokens meter, as against the value of intelligent products |
| 价值计费 | value-based billing |
| 按结果计费 | outcome-based billing |
| 一人公司 | one-person company (OPC) Beijing Agent Measures Art 5 official gloss for OPC |
| 人工智能增强型单人创业 | AI-augmented solo entrepreneurship |
| 可信委托 | trusted delegation Hong Yanqing (2026) — delegation, not generation, as the unit of agent security |
| 人在回路 | human in the loop |
| 人在环路 | human in the loop variant spelling; AnJie Broad (2026) writes 人在环路 |
| 人工接管 | human takeover |
| 分级分类监管 | graded-and-categorized regulation order follows the Chinese 分级分类; cf. 数据分类分级 above |
| 可信沙箱 | trusted sandbox |
| 靶场 | security range 安全靶场 — adversarial-testing environment |
| 以模治模 | using models to govern models Beijing Agent Measures Art 7 coinage |
| 首购首用 | first-purchase, first-use government/SOE early-procurement mechanism |
| 数据中台 | data middle platform |
| 智能终端 | smart terminal |
| 工具辅助 | tool assistance |
| 环节嵌入 | step embedding |
| 有界闭环 | bounded closed loop |
| 端到端编排 | end-to-end orchestration |
| 原生重构 | native restructuring |
| 模型即服务 | Model-as-a-Service (MaaS) |
| 大模型备案 | large-model filing |
| 大模型登记 | large-model registration |
| 应报尽报 | report everything that ought to be reported the precautionary line taken by some local CAC offices on 大模型登记 |
| 双新评估 | “two-new” security assessment 新技术新应用安全评估 — for dialogue and content generation |
| 技术中立 | technology neutrality NOT a defense for an API relay under GenAI Measures Art 22(2) |
| 开放权重 | open weights weights downloadable; says nothing about the licence terms |
| 开源代码 | open-source code |
| 自部署模型 | self-deployed model |
| 底座模型 | base model |
| 基座模型 | base model |
| 二次开发 | further development alongside 微调/训练 — the acts that trigger 大模型备案 |
| 微调 | fine-tuning |
| API中转 | API relay |
| 中转站 | relay station |
| 生成合成服务提供者 | generation and synthesis service provider GB 45438 |
| 内容传播服务提供者 | content-dissemination service provider |
| 文件元数据隐式标识 | file-metadata implicit label |
| 预训练 | pre-training |
| 优化训练 | fine-tuning GB/T 45652 — domain training on top of pre-training |
| 训练语料 | training corpus TC260-003 term; GB/T 45654 switched to 训练数据 |
| 功能性数据标注 | functional data annotation |
| 安全性数据标注 | security data annotation |
| 偏好数据标注 | preference data annotation |
| 标注执行人员 | annotation executor |
| 标注审核人员 | annotation reviewer |
| 标注仲裁人员 | annotation arbitrator |
| 标注监督人员 | annotation supervisor |
| 数据标注组织方 | data-annotation organizer |
| 关键词库 | keyword library |
| 生成内容测试题库 | generated-content test bank |
| 拒答测试题库 | should-refuse test bank |
| 抽样合格率 | sampling pass rate |
| 违法不良信息 | unlawful and harmful information |
| 幻觉 | hallucination |
| 价值对齐 | value alignment |
| 数据投毒 | data poisoning |
| 对抗攻击 | adversarial attack |
| 安全护栏 | guardrails |
| 熔断 | circuit-breaker AI Safety Framework 2.0 — for highly autonomous execution |
| 急停控制 | emergency stop |
| 技能 | skills agent — standardized task instruction sets |
| 工具 | tools agent — interfaces to external capabilities |
| 高风险操作清单 | high-risk operation list |
| 敏捷治理 | agile governance 人工智能敏捷治理机制 — 15th FYP Informatization Plan X(1) |
| 重点领域应用安全风险评估制度 | security risk assessment system for applications in key sectors 15th FYP Informatization Plan X(1) — application-level, not model-level |
| 端侧大模型 | on-device large model |
| 智能体身份标识 | agent identity identifier |
| 技术内生安全风险 | inherent technical safety risk |
| 技术应用安全风险 | application safety risk |
| 应用衍生安全风险 | derivative safety risk |
| 可信人工智能 | trustworthy AI |
| 人类最终控制 | ultimate human control |
| 认知安全 | cognitive security |
| 端侧模型 | on-device model |
| 人工智能安全治理框架 | AI Safety Governance Framework |
| 基础模型 | foundation model |
| 监看人员 | content monitors GB/T 45654 — staffed in proportion to service scale |
Enforcement, Procedure & Liability .
执法、程序与责任
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 约谈 | regulatory interview (yuetan) PIPL Art 64 renders this simply as "interview" with a legal representative |
| 检察建议 | procuratorial recommendation procuratorate-issued compliance recommendation to an institution |
| 诉前检察建议 | pre-litigation procuratorial recommendation |
| 法治副校长 | rule-of-law vice principal school legal-education mechanism staffed by judges/prosecutors/lawyers |
| 网络欺凌 | cyberbullying |
| 网络霸凌 | cyberbullying |
| 网络沉迷 | internet addiction Minors Online Protection Regulations chapter heading term |
| 网络素养 | internet literacy |
| 名誉权 | right to reputation |
| 隐私权 | right to privacy |
| 补充责任 | supplementary liability Civil Code Art 1201 — school liability for third-party injury |
| 意思表示 | declaration of intent Civil Code Art 133 ff.; Cheng Xiao: PI consent is NOT one |
| 民事法律行为 | civil juristic act |
| 合意 | mutual assent |
| 合同成立 | formation of a contract |
| 不成立 | not formed a juristic act or contract that never came into existence — distinct from 无效 (void) |
| 无效 | void |
| 合同撤销 | rescission of a contract needs a ground such as fraud or gross misunderstanding — contrast 撤回同意 (withdrawal of consent), which needs none |
| 欺诈 | fraud |
| 重大误解 | gross misunderstanding |
| 双务合同 | bilateral contract |
| 一审 | first instance |
| 二审 | second instance |
| 驳回上诉，维持原判 | appeal dismissed, original judgment upheld |
| 北京金融法院 | Beijing Financial Court |
| 表白墙 | 'confession wall' account unofficial school-named social account |
| 责令整改 | order to rectify |
| 责令改正 | order to make corrections |
| 责令下线 | order to take offline the product-availability sanction — CAC Sept 2026 case 9 |
| 从严处理 | dealt with strictly applied to 责任人 (responsible persons), alongside the entity penalty |
| 警告 | warning the formal administrative penalty, not an informal caution |
| 执法典型案例 | enforcement typical case CAC's recurring published enforcement batch; see also 典型案例 |
| 超范围收集 | collection beyond the scope collecting outside the stated/necessary purpose |
| 最小范围 | minimum scope PIPL Art 6 — 最小范围 for achieving the processing purpose |
| 弱口令 | weak password the single most-cited technical failing in CAC enforcement batches |
| 未授权访问漏洞 | unauthorized-access vulnerability |
| 数据泄露风险 | data leak risk a charged category in its own right — no actual leak required |
| 行政处罚 | administrative penalty |
| 行政处分 | administrative sanction |
| 罚款 | fine |
| 没收违法所得 | confiscation of illegal gains |
| 通报批评 | public criticism |
| 下架 | removal from app stores |
| 暂停业务 | suspension of business |
| 吊销许可证 | revocation of business permit / license |
| 信用档案 | credit archives |
| 民事责任 | civil liability |
| 刑事责任 | criminal liability |
| 侵犯公民个人信息罪 | crime of infringing upon citizens' personal information Criminal Law Art. 253a |
| 公民个人信息 | citizens' personal information the CRIMINAL-law term of art; not interchangeable with PIPL's 个人信息 |
| 情节严重 | serious circumstances Art. 253a sentencing tier 1 — up to 3 years |
| 情节特别严重 | particularly serious circumstances Art. 253a sentencing tier 2 — 3 to 7 years |
| 从重处罚 | heavier punishment Art. 253a ¶2 — for info obtained in the course of duties or services |
| 采取刑事强制措施 | subjected to criminal compulsory measures pre-indictment coercion (detention/arrest/bail) — earliest stage |
| 移送起诉 | transferred for prosecution police hand the file to the procuratorate for examination |
| 提起公诉 | public prosecution initiated the procuratorate has indicted — latest of the three stages |
| 侦破 | cracked (a case) police-release verb for a solved case; no charging decision implied |
| 扩线 | expanding investigative leads |
| 涉案金额 | amount involved in the case the case's total transaction value — NOT the same as 违法所得 |
| 违法所得 | illegal gains the offender's actual profit; the figure the RMB 5,000 threshold in the |
| 人工智能体 | AI agent Wang Liming (2026): AI that perceives its environment, decides autonomously and executes tasks |
| 产品责任 | product liability |
| 严格责任 | strict liability civil-law scholarship's term; the Civil Code says 无过错责任 (no-fault liability) |
| 因果关系推定 | presumption of causation |
| 事实因果关系 | factual causation |
| 法律因果关系 | legal causation |
| 部分因果关系 | partial causation each actor answers in proportion to its contribution |
| 原因力 | causal contribution |
| 共同侵权 | joint tort Civil Code Art. 1168 — joint and several liability |
| 共同危险行为 | joint dangerous conduct Civil Code Art. 1170 |
| 连带责任 | joint and several liability |
| 替代责任 | vicarious liability |
| 人格权禁令 | personality-rights injunction Civil Code Art. 997 |
| 物质性人格权 | physical personality rights life, body, health |
| 大规模微型侵权 | mass micro-torts many victims, each with a small harm or added risk exposure |
| 代表人诉讼 | representative litigation |
| 合理使用 | fair use COPYRIGHT sense; in PI contexts 合理使用限度 = "limits of reasonable use" |
| 违反国家规定 | in violation of state provisions Art. 253a element; SPP 2026 Case 5: providing lawfully collected PI without consent satisfies it |
| 认罪认罚 | plead guilty and accept punishment 认罪认罚从宽 leniency system |
| 主犯 | principal offender |
| 从犯 | accessory |
| 漏犯 | omitted offender a participant the police failed to transfer; 追诉漏犯 = prosecuting omitted offenders |
| 想象竞合 | notional concurrence one act violating several provisions — punished under the heavier |
| 数罪并罚 | combined punishment for multiple crimes |
| 抗诉 | protest procuratorial challenge to a judgment (appeal or trial-supervision) |
| 追缴 | recover 追缴违法所得 = recover illegal gains; 责令退赔 = order restitution |
| 主观恶性 | subjective malice |
| 确定刑量刑建议 | sentencing recommendation for a fixed term as opposed to a range |
| 非法侵入计算机信息系统罪 | crime of illegally intruding into a computer information system Criminal Law Art. 285(1) — state affairs, defense, cutting-edge science systems |
| 寻衅滋事罪 | crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble Criminal Law Art. 293 — used for online abuse in doxxing cases |
| 敲诈勒索罪 | crime of extortion Criminal Law Art. 274 |
| 检察机关履职过程 | how the procuratorate performed its duties standard section heading in SPP typical cases |
| 典型意义 | typical significance standard closing section of a typical case |
| 融合履职 | integrated performance of procuratorial functions criminal + public-interest + other functions on one case |
| 全链条惩治 | punishing the whole chain |
| 源头治理 | governance at the source |
| 立案监督 | supervision of case filing procuratorate requires police to open (or drop) a case |
| 引导取证 | guiding evidence collection |
| 提前介入 | early intervention procuratorate joins at the investigation stage |
| 重大疑难案件听取意见机制 | mechanism for seeking the procuratorate's opinions on major and difficult cases |
| 刑事附带民事公益诉讼 | incidental civil public-interest litigation in a criminal case |
| 民事公益诉讼 | civil public-interest litigation |
| 公益损害赔偿金 | public-interest damages SPP 2026 Case 8: set by sensitivity, volume, public value, cross-border risk — not profit |
| 社会公共利益 | public interest |
| 普通犯罪检察厅 | Ordinary Crimes Procuratorial Department SPP |
| 公益诉讼检察厅 | Public Interest Litigation Procuratorial Department SPP |
| 检察日报社 | Procuratorial Daily |
| 可识别性 | identifiability with 关联性, the two tests for whether data is PI |
| 关联性 | association data associated with an identified person (vs. identifying one) |
| 饭圈 | fan circle |
| 私家侦探 | private detective |
| 刷关 | rushing the gate fans buying tickets to follow a celebrity through airport security |
| 医保电子凭证 | electronic medical insurance credential NHSA e-credential |
| 净网专项行动 | Clean Net special campaign the recurring MPS anti-cybercrime enforcement campaign |
| 黑灰产 | black and grey market |
| 黑灰产业链 | black-and-grey industry chain |
| 内鬼 | insider lit. "inside ghost" — an employee who leaks or sells data they access on the job |
| 社工库 | social-engineering database aggregated leaked-data lookup service, commonly "SGK" |
| 查档 | record lookup paid query against a social-engineering database |
| 订单解密 | order decryption re-identifying masked e-commerce order data (phone number, delivery address) |
| 精准推销 | targeted marketing |
| 行踪轨迹 | whereabouts and tracks a 50-item threshold category under the PI Criminal Interpretation Art. 5(III) |
| 开房记录 | hotel check-in records |
| 实名网络账号 | real-name online account |
| 跑分 | payment-settlement laundering running illicit funds through recruited real-name accounts |
| 帮凶 | accomplice |
| 公益诉讼 | public-interest litigation |
| 侵权 | infringement / tort |
| 侵权责任 | tort liability |
| 过错 | fault umbrella term covering 故意 (intent) and 过失 (negligence) |
| 故意 | intent |
| 过失 | negligence |
| 过错责任 | fault-based liability Civil Code Art 1165(1) general clause |
| 无过错责任 | no-fault liability aka strict liability; must be expressly provided by statute |
| 过错推定 | presumption of fault Civil Code Art 1165(2) — rebuttable |
| 违法视为过错 | unlawfulness deemed as fault non-rebuttable — breach of a statutory duty conclusively establishes fault |
| 注意义务 | duty of care objective 'reasonable person' fault standard, not a separate liability element in PRC law |
| 作为义务 | affirmative duty a legal duty to act; only its breach can ground fault |
| 不作为义务 | negative duty a duty not to infringe; folds into the 'infringement of rights' element, cannot ground fault |
| 方式性义务 | method-based obligation obligation of means (obligation de moyens) — judged by whether due care was taken, not by outcome |
| 结果性义务 | result-based obligation obligation of result (obligation de résultat) — judged by whether the required outcome was achieved |
| 保护性法律 | protective statute German Schutzgesetz — a rule aimed at protecting specific individuals, not only the public interest |
| 民事权益 | civil rights and interests |
| 人格权益 | personality rights and interests |
| 肖像权 | right to one's likeness |
| App违法违规收集使用个人信息 | illegal or excessive collection and use of personal information by apps |
| 通报 | notification (public enforcement bulletin) CAC/MIIT public-naming document type — distinct from 通知 (notice/circular) |
| 账号注销 | account cancellation app user-account exit right; 认定方法 final category & CAC 2026 testing priority |
| 小程序 | mini-program in-platform apps (WeChat/Alipay/Douyin) — expressly within CAC app-testing perimeter |
| 服务号 | WeChat service account H5 services run inside a WeChat official account; inside the CVERC app-testing perimeter |
| 国家计算机病毒应急处理中心 | National Computer Virus Emergency Response Center (CVERC) Tianjin technical center; runs its own app-testing naming series under the 2026 campaign |
| 国家网络安全通报中心 | National Cybersecurity Notification Center WeChat channel carrying the MPS app-testing notices |
| 公安部计算机信息系统安全产品质量监督检验中心 | MPS Computer Information System Security Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center the tester named in the MPS app notices |
| 个人信息保护系列专项行动 | Personal Information Protection Series of Special Campaigns the annual CAC + MIIT + MPS joint campaign document |
| 移动应用分发平台 | mobile-app distribution platform app stores and mini-program hosts; the parties that carry out a 下架 takedown |
| 复测 | retest re-testing a previously named app; failure leads to 下架 |
| 撤回同意 | withdrawal of consent PIPL Art 15 — handler must provide a convenient way to withdraw |
| 侵害用户权益 | infringing user rights series title: 关于侵害用户权益行为的APP（SDK）通报 |
| 信息通信管理局 | Information and Communications Administration Bureau (MIIT) the MIIT bureau that issues the bulletins |
| 第三方检测机构 | third-party testing institution the bodies MIIT organizes to run the spot checks |
| 处置工作 | disposition measures bulletin closing formula (依法依规组织开展相关处置工作) — enforcement follow-through, NOT the data-asset 处置 (disposal) in § 4 |
| 违规收集个人信息 | non-compliant collection of personal information 违规 ≠ 违法: a rules breach, not a finding of illegality — do not render "unlawful" |
| 违规使用个人信息 | non-compliant use of personal information |
| 强制、频繁、过度索取权限 | forcibly, frequently, or excessively requesting permissions |
| 信息窗口 | information window splash screens and pop-ups |
| 乱跳转 | arbitrary redirect 信息窗口点击乱跳转 (on click) / 信息窗口滑动乱跳转 (on swipe) |
| 定向推送 | targeted push 强制用户使用定向推送功能; PIPL Art 24(2) requires a non-personalized option or easy refusal |
| 应用分发平台 | app distribution platform short form of 移动应用分发平台 |
| APP信息明示 | display of app information what a distribution channel shows per listed app — MIIT 2023 Notice 工信部信管函〔2023〕26号 |
| SDK信息公示 | public disclosure of SDK information SDK name, developer, version, functions, PI processing rules — same 2023 Notice |
| 未经用户同意收集使用个人信息 | collecting and using personal information without the user's consent |
| 未同步告知用户其目的 | not informing the user of the purpose at the same time when requesting a permission or sensitive personal information |
| 强制用户同意收集非必要个人信息 | forcing users to consent to the collection of non-necessary personal information |
| 未提供有效注销用户账号功能 | no effective account-cancellation function |
| 移动应用 | mobile app |
| 未成年人用户数量巨大 | very large number of minor users Measures Art 6 — 10M registered / 1M monthly active thresholds |
| 对未成年人群体具有显著影响 | significant impact on minors Measures Art 7 — multi-factor test |
| 网络平台服务提供者 | network platform service provider |
| 认定 | identification the designation decision under the Measures; cf. 关键信息基础设施认定 |
| 认定名单 | identification list |
| 认定建议名单 | proposed identification list released for at least 30 days of public comment, Art 12 |
| 认定工作咨询委员会 | Identification Work Advisory Committee |
| 申请认定 | apply for identification |
| 申报材料 | application materials identification filings; contrast 评估申报 (declaration) in the CBDT regime |
| 变更认定 | change of identification exit route after 6 consecutive months below the criteria, Art 16 |
| 注册用户 | registered users |
| 月活跃用户 | monthly active users (MAU) |
| 垂直领域 | vertical sector |
| 承诺书 | letter of undertaking |
| 违规提供自动续费服务 | non-compliant provision of auto-renewal services not a PI finding; 2023 Notice requires user consent, no pre-ticked boxes or forced bundling |
| 自动续费 | auto-renewal 自动续订 = auto-subscription |
| 欺骗误导用户下载APP | deceiving or misleading users into downloading apps 2023 Notice bars 偷梁换柱 (bait-and-switch), 强制捆绑 (forced bundling), 静默下载 (silent download) |
| 网络服务提供者 | network service provider the general duty-bearer; contrast 网络平台服务提供者 (network platform service provider) |
| 智能终端产品制造者 | smart terminal product manufacturer |
| 应用程序分发平台服务提供者 | app distribution platform service provider app stores; see 应用分发平台 |
| 最有利于未成年人原则 | principle of the best interests of minors Minors Protection Law Art 4 |
| 陌生人网络社交服务 | online social networking services with strangers banned for minors, Draft Art 4(1); undefined in the draft |
| 虚拟亲属 | virtual relatives a 虚拟亲密关系 service |
| 虚拟伴侣 | virtual partners a 虚拟亲密关系 service |
| 网络直播发布服务 | live-stream broadcasting services going live as a streamer — NOT watching; 网络直播服务 = online live-streaming services |
| 网络音视频服务 | online audio and video services |
| 网络社交服务 | online social networking services |
| 朋友圈 | friend feeds WeChat's Moments is the best-known example |
| 跟帖评论 | post comments |
| 未成年人用户识别 | minor-user identification |
| 非存储式一次性人脸核验 | non-storage one-time facial verification |
| 分布式数字身份认证公共服务 | distributed digital identity authentication public services |
| 行为特征识别 | behavioral feature recognition |
| 算法机制机理审核 | algorithm mechanism and principle review as in the Algorithmic Recommendation Provisions Art 7 |
| 未成年人模式备案 | minors' mode filing Draft Art 12 — provincial; Article 20 platforms file nationally via the province |
| 年度核验 | annual verification |
| 未成年人模式联动 | minors' mode linkage device-level minors' mode carried through to apps |
| 一键切换 | one-click switching |
| 退出核验 | verification on exit |
| 防绕过 | anti-circumvention |
| 专属内容池 | dedicated content pool |
| 上架审核 | listing review app-store review before an app is listed |
| 适龄范围 | age range 适用年龄 = the age for which an app is suitable |
| 电信设备进网许可 | telecommunications equipment network access license MIIT; Draft Art 12 adds minors' mode to the test items for smart mobile terminals |
| 国务院电信主管部门 | telecommunications authority under the State Council i.e., MIIT |
| 国家新闻出版部门 | national press and publication authority |
| 电信业务经营者 | telecommunications business operator |
| 法定代理人 | statutory agent the guardian of a person without full civil capacity — NOT "legal representative" (法定代表人) |
| 完全民事行为能力人 | person with full capacity for civil conduct Civil Code Art 18 — includes a 16+ minor living mainly on own labor income |
| 限制民事行为能力 | limited capacity for civil conduct |
| 无民事行为能力 | no capacity for civil conduct |
| 直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员 | directly responsible persons in charge and other directly liable persons |
| 停业整顿 | suspension of operations for rectification |
| 群团组织 | mass organizations Youth League, women's federations, trade unions, etc. |
| 小快灵 | small, fast, and nimble short, targeted legislation — the CAC's description of this draft |
| 关于进一步提升移动互联网应用服务能力的通知 | Notice on Further Improving Mobile Internet Application Service Capabilities MIIT, dated 2023-02-06 |
| 开发运营者 | developer and operator the party responsible for an app (APP开发运营者) |
| 偷梁换柱 | bait-and-switch |
| 强制捆绑 | forced bundling |
| 静默下载 | silent download |
| 默认勾选 | pre-ticked boxes 不得默认勾选 — consent and auto-renewal sign-up |
| 分发明示界面 | distribution display interface where a distribution channel displays a listed app's information |
| 热更新 | hot update 热切换 = hot switching; changing app functions or permissions without re-review |
| 电子签名认证 | electronic signature authentication MIIT app-traceability measure |
| 中国信息通信研究院 | China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (CAICT) MIIT-affiliated; runs the national app testing and certification platform |
| 中国互联网协会 | Internet Society of China (ISC) |
| 规范互联网信息服务市场秩序若干规定 | Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services MIIT Order No. 20 (2011) |
| 举证责任 | burden of proof |
| 证明责任 | burden of proof |
| 举证责任分配 | allocation of the burden of proof |
| 举证责任转移 | shifting of the burden of proof |
| 举证责任倒置 | reversal of the burden of proof |
| 初步证据 | prima facie evidence |
| 举证妨碍 | obstruction of proof refusal to produce evidence in one's control; grounds an adverse inference |
| 高度盖然性 | high degree of probability the PRC civil standard of proof |
| 实质性相似 | substantial similarity |
| 实质相同 | substantially identical |
| 合法来源 | lawful source the defendant's standard rebuttal in a misappropriation claim |
| 现场勘验 | on-site inspection |
| 律师调查令 | lawyer's investigation order court order authorizing counsel to collect evidence from a third party |
| 惩罚性赔偿 | punitive damages |
| 合理开支 | reasonable expenses enforcement costs recoverable on top of damages |
| 典型案例 | typical case SPC-published exemplar; persuasive, not binding precedent |
| 网络开盒 | online doxxing (“box-opening”) aggregating and exposing a target's private information; Opinions Art 5 |
| 人肉搜索 | human-flesh search crowd-sourced doxxing |
| 生活安宁 | tranquility of private life Civil Code Art 1032 content of privacy |
| 私密信息 | private information |
| 私密空间 | private spaces |
| 私密活动 | private activities |
| 人格权侵害禁令 | personality-rights infringement injunction Civil Code Art 997; Opinions Art 8 extends it to providers |
| 通知删除规则 | notice-and-takedown rule Civil Code Art 1195 — the “safe harbor” |
| 避风港规则 | safe-harbor rule |
| 参照适用 | apply by analogy how the SPC extends Art 1195 to generative-AI providers |
| 合格通知 | qualified notice Opinions Art 7: prima facie evidence + real identity information |
| 必要措施 | necessary measures |
| 公序良俗 | public order and good morals |
| 近亲属 | close relatives |
| 死者人格利益 | personality interests of the deceased Civil Code Art 994 |
| 民生权益 | people's livelihood rights and interests |
| 数据权益 | data rights and interests |
| 汇编作品 | compilation work Copyright Law route for datasets, Opinions Art 16 |
| 发明人 | inventor |
| 实质性贡献 | substantive contribution |
| 公开充分 | sufficient disclosure patent-grant condition |
| 虚假诉讼 | sham litigation |
| 伪造证据 | fabricating evidence |
| 妨害司法秩序 | obstructing the judicial order |
| 案例检索报告 | case-search report |
| 核实说明义务 | duty to verify and disclose AI-generated filings, Opinions Art 19 |
| 释明 | judicial clarification the court explaining the issues and evidentiary burden to parties |
| 证据保全 | evidence preservation |
| 人民陪审员 | people's assessor |
| 鉴定人 | forensic appraiser |
| 专家辅助人 | expert assistant party-retained expert who explains technical questions to the court |
| 技术调查官 | technical investigation officer court-side technical staff, originally in IP courts |
| 提级管辖 | elevated jurisdiction a higher court takes over a lower court's first-instance case |
| 司法建议 | judicial recommendation court-issued recommendation to a regulator or organization |
| 人民法院案例库 | People's Court Case Database |
| 多元解纷机制 | diversified dispute-resolution mechanism |
| 先行调解 | pre-litigation mediation |
| 以案释法 | case-based explanation of the law |
| 宽严相济 | combining leniency with severity criminal policy |
| 罪刑法定 | principle of legality (nullum crimen sine lege) |
| 罪责刑相适应 | proportionality between crime, responsibility and punishment |
| 损害商业信誉、商品声誉罪 | crime of damaging commercial reputation or the reputation of goods |
| 裁判要点 | key points of the judgment the binding rule statement at the head of a guiding case |
| 执行实施要点 | key points of the enforcement the enforcement-case equivalent |
| 基本案情 | basic facts |
| 裁判理由 | reasons for the judgment |
| 相关法条 | relevant legal provisions |
| 数据集合 | data aggregate the assembled body of platform data — NOT 汇编作品 (compilation work), which it failed to be in Case 262 |
| 经营性利益 | operational interest what Case 262 protects where copyright cannot reach |
| 实质性替代 | substantial substitution the AUCL test carried over into revised Art. 13(3) |
| 数据搬运 | wholesale data copying |
| 数据壁垒 | data barriers Case 264: free flow is the default for non-secret, non-personal, non-trade-secret data |
| 数据产品 | data product |
| 价格指数 | price index |
| 关联账号服务 | linked-account service Case 263 — lawful where the user authorizes the transfer of their own data |
| 先享后付 | enjoy now, pay later Case 266 — the credit-backed pay-after model; do NOT render as the US/EU buy-now-pay-later product |
| 基本功能服务 | basic-function service the yardstick for PIPL Art. 13(1)(2) contractual necessity |
| 附加功能服务 | additional function service |
| 谁投入、谁贡献、谁受益 | whoever invests, whoever contributes, whoever benefits the Data Twenty Articles allocation principle the SPC invokes |
| 协助执行通知书 | notice of assistance in enforcement Case 267 — how a platform is made to change real-name verification |
| 申请执行人 | enforcement applicant |
| 被执行人 | person subject to enforcement |
| 非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪 | crime of illegally obtaining data from a computer information system Criminal Law Art. 285 |
| 非法控制计算机信息系统罪 | crime of illegally controlling a computer information system Criminal Law Art. 285 |
| 提供侵入、非法控制计算机信息系统程序、工具罪 | crime of providing programs or tools for intruding into or illegally controlling computer information systems Art. 285(3) |
| 帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪 | crime of aiding information network criminal activities Criminal Law Art. 287-2 |
| 超越授权访问 | access exceeding authorization SPP Guiding Case No. 36: exceeding authorization IS intrusion |
| 网络不正当竞争 | online unfair competition |
| 指导性案例 | guiding case SPP/SPC — courts and procuratorates SHALL refer to these (应当参照); |
| 兜底条款 | catch-all provision |
| 安全港 | safe harbor |
| 无证经营 | unlicensed operation |
| 服务认证 | service certification |
| 获证后监督 | post-certification surveillance |
| 认证规则 | certification rules |
| 暂停认证证书 | suspension of the certificate |
| 撤销认证证书 | revocation of the certificate |
Document Types & Regulatory Format .
文件类型与立法体例
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 法律 | law (NPC / NPCSC enactment) |
| 行政法规 | administrative regulation (State Council) |
| 部门规章 | departmental rule (ministerial) |
| 规范性文件 | normative document |
| 国家标准 | national standard |
| 推荐性国家标准 | recommended national standard (GB/T) |
| 强制性国家标准 | mandatory national standard (GB) |
| 司法解释 | judicial interpretation |
| 决定 | decision (e.g., NPC amendment decision) |
| 通知 | notice / circular |
| 指引 | guideline |
| 指南 | guide / guidelines |
| 主席令 | Presidential Decree |
| 国务院令 | State Council Decree |
| 暂行办法 | interim measures |
| 管理办法 | administrative measures |
| 管理规定 | administrative provisions |
| 实施细则 | implementation rules |
| 实施条例 | implementing regulation |
| 征求意见稿 | draft for public consultation |
| 修正 | amendment |
| 修订 | revision |
| 印发 | issuance / promulgation |
Data Economy, Industry & Infrastructure .
数据经济、产业与基础设施
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 数字经济 | digital economy |
| 数字技术 | digital technology |
| 数字基础设施 | digital infrastructure |
| 数字产业化 | digital industrialization NDA Batch 1 § 16 |
| 产业数字化 | industrial digitalization NDA Batch 1 § 17 |
| 数字经济高质量发展 | high-quality development of the digital economy NDA Batch 1 § 18 |
| 数字消费 | digital consumption NDA Batch 1 § 19 |
| 产业互联网 | Industrial Internet NDA Batch 1 § 20 |
| 城市全域数字化转型 | citywide digital transformation NDA Batch 1 § 21 |
| 东数西算工程 | East Data and West Computing project NDA Batch 1 § 22 |
| 高速数据网 | high-speed data network NDA Batch 1 § 23 |
| 全国一体化算力网 | integrated national computing-power network NDA Batch 1 § 24 |
| 数据产业 | data industry NDA Batch 2 § 13 |
| 数据标注产业 | data labeling industry NDA Batch 2 § 14 |
| 数字产业集群 | digital industry cluster NDA Batch 2 § 15 |
| 可信数据空间 | trusted data space NDA Batch 2 § 16 |
| 数据使用控制 | data use control NDA Batch 2 § 17 |
| 数据基础设施 | data infrastructure NDA Batch 2 § 18 |
| 算力 | computing power |
| 算力调度 | computing-power scheduling NDA Batch 2 § 19 |
| 算力池化 | computing-power pooling NDA Batch 2 § 20 |
| 算力资源池 | computing-power resource pool |
| 智算中心 | intelligent computing center |
| 人工智能算力中心 | AI computing center |
| 算力中心 | computing center |
| 互联网数据中心 | Internet Data Center (IDC) |
| 互联网资源协作服务 | Internet resource collaboration services Telecom Catalogue B12 — i.e. cloud services |
| 算力即服务 | Compute-as-a-Service |
| 算力租用 | computing-power rental |
| 机柜租赁 | cabinet rental |
| 算力券 | computing-power voucher |
| 运力券 | transport voucher |
| 增值电信业务 | value-added telecommunications services |
| 基础电信业务 | basic telecommunications services |
| 增值电信业务经营许可证 | Value-Added Telecommunications Business License |
| 国际数据通信业务 | international data communications services |
| 国际通信出入口局 | international communications gateway |
| 通信管理局 | provincial Communications Administration |
| 节能审查 | energy-conservation review |
| 电源使用效率 | power usage effectiveness (PUE) |
| 吨标准煤 | metric tons of standard coal |
| 以电定算 | “power determines computing” provincial control on siting compute against grid capacity |
| 以算定产 | “computing determines output” |
| 能耗替代指标 | energy-consumption substitution quota |
| 绿电交易 | green power trading |
| 余热回收 | waste-heat recovery |
| 核准 | government approval the heavier track; contrast 备案 (filing) |
| 公安联网备案 | public-security network filing |
| 智能投顾 | robo-advisory |
| 医疗器械 | medical device |
| 国家药品监督管理局 | National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) |
| 征信 | credit reporting |
| 储蓄国债（电子式）管理办法 | Administrative Measures for Savings Government Bonds (Electronic) MOF + PBOC, 财库〔2013〕7号 |
| 债券登记托管机构 | bond registration and custody institution |
| 征信机构 | credit reporting agency |
| 征信业务 | credit reporting business |
| 信息主体 | information subject Credit Reporting Regulations — the person whose credit information is collected |
| 信用信息 | credit information |
| 金融信息服务 | financial information services CAC Financial Information Services Provisions |
| 金融信息服务提供者 | financial information service provider |
| 工业数据分类分级 | industrial data classification and grading |
| 工业和信息化领域 | industry and information technology sector |
| 数安护航 | Data Security Escort campaign MIIT 2024–2026 plan (数安护航专项行动) |
| 数安铸盾 | Data Security Shield drills MIIT 2024–2026 plan (数安铸盾应急演练) |
| 以技管数 | managing data by technology |
| 工业控制系统 | industrial control system |
| 移动智能终端 | smart mobile terminal |
| 可收集个人信息权限 | permissions capable of collecting personal information |
| 唯一设备识别码 | unique device identifier |
| 应用程序列表 | app list |
| 关联启动 | associated start app launched by another app without user awareness |
| 自启动 | self-start |
Privacy-Enhancing & Data Engineering Technologies .
隐私计算与数据工程技术
| 中文 | English |
|---|---|
| 隐私保护计算 | privacy-protective computation NDA Batch 1 § 35; also "privacy computing" (隐私计算) |
| 安全多方计算 | secure multi-party computing NDA Batch 1 § 36 |
| 联邦学习 | federated learning NDA Batch 1 § 37 |
| 可信执行环境 | trusted execution environment (TEE) NDA Batch 1 § 38 |
| 密态计算 | cryptographic computing NDA Batch 1 § 39 |
| 区块链 | blockchain NDA Batch 1 § 40 |
| 智能合约 | smart contract |
| 同态加密 | homomorphic encryption |
| 混淆电路 | confusion circuit / garbled circuit |
| 不经意传输 | oblivious transfer / inadvertent transmission |
| 秘密分享 | secret sharing |
| 数据分析 | data analysis |
| 数据挖掘 | data mining |
| 数据可视化 | data visualization |
| 数据仓库 | data warehouse |
| 数据湖 | data lake |
| 湖仓一体 | integration of lake and warehouse / data lakehouse |